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Trevor,
Thank you very much for your explanation.
I forgot about Sat Nav indeed.
Do you know when approximately did they start using it?
(I suppose, not earlier than late 70-s).
The manuals I cited were written in the 60-s when
no Sat Nav existed.
I am just trying to understand when CelNav was replaced
by various satellite-based systems as a main tool of finding
position on commercial and navy ships.
Alex.
P.S. LORAN only works near a shore, correct?
The only precise means available in the middle of an ocean
are CelNav and satellite-based systems, correct?
A